Great+Depression+and+the+New+Deal+(Ch.+25&Ch.26)+Steph+Kiback's+and+Pitro's+Extra+Credit


 * =__Chapter 25 ~ *The Great Depression*__=

The Very Beginning of the Fall

 * Mid 1928 to the end of 1929, stocks boomed
 * A lot of stock buying was prossessed by credit (putting a downpayment on the stock if didn't have enough money)
 * Credit worked on stocks if the stock went up
 * If stock went down-people begin to PANIC

Black Tuesday or The Great Crash-(October 29, 1929)

 * Over 16 million stocks traded
 * Industrial index dropped about 10%
 * Stocks became worthless (1/2 their original value)
 * People on credit owed money

Causes Behind the Great Depression

 * A.) Having to depend on a couple of industries (no diversity)
 * Mainly made money off of construction or industry
 * Those industries began to decline
 * Others didn't have enough potential to bring up the slack
 * B.) Lack of Equality in Wealth
 * Production was increasing, the profits were too small to live off of
 * Some lived by "just making it" with hardly nothing
 * C.) Credit Structure
 * People (especially farmers) were in too much debt to pay off loans
 * Small and large banks started to get in trouble
 * Bigger banks invested recklessly
 * D.) International Debt
 * European deamand for American goods declined
 * Countries who owed the US for war debts could not pay them back
 * US demanded debts to be payed off
 * US continued to give loans for the earlier loans they needed to pay off (doubled the debt)
 * American Protective Tariffs made it difficult for other nations to sell their goods to the US

Progressions of the Depression

 * Banking Crisis-Collapse of all money systems
 * Nation's money supply shrank by 1/3 or more
 * Decline in money supply led to decline in purchasing (DEFLATION)
 * Led to reduction in prices, production, and lay-off
 * 25% of America's employees were laid-off
 * GNP was falling

The Dust Bowl

 * Great Plains region
 * Steady decline of rainfall and increase of heat
 * Decade of fertile farmlands turning into deserts
 * "Oakies" - (farmers from Oklahoma) traveled to other areas to find places to work

People Affected by the Depression
//African Americans//
 * Many left the south by choice or evicted from homeland
 * Whites thought they were higher up in seniority for jobs than blacks
 * Over 2 million African Americans (1/2 the population) were on some sort of relief for living
 * __Scottsboro Case__: 9 black teenagers arrested on a train for vagrancy and disorder; two women claimed that they were raped by them; originally sentenced to death; evidence led them to be taken off of charge but still did not leave prison for a while

//Hispanics// //Asians// //Women//
 * Discriminated against
 * Population migrated mostly to Cali.
 * Filled many "black" folks jobs
 * Whites demanded those jobs of the hispanics (their unemployment raised)
 * Most left America to go look for a better life in Mexico
 * Only found jobs within their own communities
 * Worked fruit stands, Laundry shops, etc.
 * Economic crisis=women should stay home
 * If the husband had a job, not appropriate for a woman to find one
 * To help balance out the economy, they made it illegal for a while to allow more than one job per one household
 * Opportunities declined
 * Birth rate for women declined-couldn't afford to have them

American Culture Influenced by the Depression

 * Dramatized the poverty in America
 * Photographers went around getting pictures of the horrific lives they were living

Radio

 * Every American had radio
 * Brought families/friends together
 * Comedies and Adventures brodcasted for entertainment
 * Soap Operas became popular
 * Broadcasted World Series (Babe Ruth!), Academy Awards, political debates, etc.

Movies
=Chapter 26 ~ *The New Deal*=
 * Became more poplular
 * Very careful about controversy of what they wrote and acted out b/c of war
 * Frank Capra: produced social message of the corruption of the US
 * Walt Disney: King of animation (Snow White, Mickey Mouse, The Wizard of Oz, etc.)

Popular Front
Abraham Lincoln Brigade Southern Tenant Farmers Union Anticommunism FDR President AAA Industrial Recovery AAA & NRA Banking Industry & Stock Market CWA In the middle Second New Deal AFL Supreme Court Groups affected: African Americans Native Americans Women Legacy
 * Group was to the "left"-Communists
 * Supported New Deal & FDR
 * Traveled to Spain to join the fight againts the facists
 * Communist Party directed most of the activities of the facists
 * Socialist Party, which was under Norman Thomas.
 * Used economic crisis as evidence supporting the failure of Capitalism and it sought vigorously to win public support
 * STFU, which was supported by the party, and organized by the young socialist, H.L. Mitchell, attempted to create a biracial coalition of sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and other economic reform.
 * Hostility toward the party was really intense
 * Tried to get the communists out or the countryside
 * Election of 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt vs. Herbert Hoover
 * FDR won the election
 * During inauguration, Hoover tried to tell Roosevelt to tell the people its okay, but he refused.
 * March 4th, 1933, Hoover watched FDR get sworn in
 * Agriculture Adjustment Act, was created to help farmers
 * Told the farmers how much they were to produce
 * Gave farmers money, payed them, for extra land that they had
 * It hoped to raise farm prices, benefiting everyone
 * Early efforts were made to achieve industrial recover, such as when the Rural Electrican Administration found a way to make electricity reach thousands around the world
 * Minimum wage was established and ranged from 30-34 cents an hour
 * Max hours per week being able to work was 35-40 hours
 * Brought a lot of controversy whether America was becoming more socialist or not
 * AAA, helped farmers to gain money for the government in order to get the farm prices on track
 * AAA seen as socialist because it was trying to get everyone to make equal amounts of money, thus dividing the gap between the rich and poor, thus becoming more of a socialist nation
 * NRA, made peoples wages start to balance with each other, limiting almost every American to a standard of wealth
 * Measures were taking to stabilize the banking industry
 * Dollar was made into a whole
 * SEC, Securities Exchange Commission, used to evaluate stock market
 * Federal Government Insurance stepped in and deposited at least $2500 into each bank across the nation
 * Glass-Steagall Act, government authorities were able to curb irresponsible speculations by banks
 * Civil Work Administration
 * Goal was to get as many people in to the work force as possible
 * Did this by creating public works projects
 * Many people were helped by this
 * FDR was criticized for being too in the middle of communism and capitalism
 * People who saw him as a communist saw his acts as being socialist
 * Capitalism people, saw him as supporting the rights for a bigger gap in the social classes.
 * American Liberty League was created by the wealthiest of wealth in order to go against his "doctorial" statements in the New Deal.
 * Helped to desperse the continuing economic crisis that was occuring during that period
 * Most people thought FDR's Second New Deal, was his second plea for a presidential election
 * He tried to break up the higher ranking commerce's
 * In the 1936 Presidential Election, the AFL revealed a new committee
 * The new politian revealed was Alf London
 * Alot of FDR's main critics were assassinated or overpowered
 * Huey Long, who once voted for FDR, seemed to become his worse nightmare
 * The Supreme Court, seemed to stand in the way of FDR's new deal because they tried to hit it down or jeep it from enacting in the society
 * AAA was shot down by supreme court
 * NRA pushed away as well
 * FDR wanted to change the ideology of supreme court so they would support him
 * Little was done to assist them
 * FDR tried for less discrimination
 * Black Cabinet-FDR appointed blacks to his cabinet
 * Discrimination still remained for the blacks because their skin color
 * Just another encouragment of NA to assimilate
 * Trying to get red of it rather than save it
 * John Collier- social worker on NA
 * Indian Reorganization Act- advance goals of the NA
 * FDR appointed first female cabinet member
 * More than 100 women at lower levels
 * Women were still tring to find rights and gain more freedom
 * Did not solve the problems of the depression, but did give it a jump start to help put it in the right direction
 * Without the New Deal, and all of FDR's accomplishments, America probably would have been in the depression slumps for many more years than what it was in
 * FDR's legacy lives as being one of the most profound American presidents of his day