Syed's+Extra+Credit

Ch. 27 and 28, 1930's Foreign Policy and WWII Review Page

If you study this i guarantee an a+ on this section of the final

Foreign Policy - Europe devasstated after WWI - US now world leader in industry and economy - US is at center of reparations and debts owed by European countries - Europe could not pay off its debts and Germany defaulted on reparations but US would not relieve debt owed - Hoover put 1 year moratorium on reparations and debts, Europe proposed to cancel 90% of Germany's reparations if US lowered debt but US refused - Finland only country to pay all debts - US pushed for International Naval Disarmament because US wanted to protect its Pacific empire without having to build up an expensive navy - Sec of State Hughes called fr 10 year moratorium on large warships - Four power treaty between USA, Great Britain, Japan and France prohibited fortifications in Pacific - 5 power treaty signed later included Italy, set ratio for warships 5:5:3 with Great Britain and USA with the most - 1930 naval conference extended moratorium for 5 years - More attempts in 1932 and 1935 for payment of debts and moratoriums failed because of growing trust issues that erupted later into WWII - Kellog Briand Pact called on 62 nations to remove war as "an instrument of national policy" and wanted countries to support "pacific means" - The leaders who signed the Pact knew that it was only symbolic - Democrats gained majority in congress - Roosevelt's foreign policy built n those of prior presidents like republicans - America "protected" western hemisphere and promised Latin America a "mutual safety: - London Economic conference, many nations decided to get off the gold standard which worsened depression - Conference was ended when Roosevelt said he opposed currency stabilization until nations balanced their buddgets - Roosevelt extended diplomacy to USSR and Sec of State Charles Evans Hughes said US broke relations with USSR because communists repudiated debt and enforced propoganda but still thought it could help bring a balance of power in Europe - 1933 soviets promised to stop propoganda and USA sent over an ambassador to USSR - 4 power treaty allowed US to fortify Hawaii and the secret Taft-Katsure memorandum made by Taft in Teddy Roosevelt's administration pledged US and Japan to recognize intrests in Korea and Phillipines - 19116 Jones Act promised Filipinos indepndence, Tongs McDuffle act of 1934 said they would get independence in 10 years but before that could happen Japan took it over in WWII - Mussolini gained power in 1922 and soon started offensive in Africa by taking over Ethiopia - Nazis played on a sense of betrayal by Versailles treaty in Germany to rise to power - Hitler withdrew from League of Nations and promised living space for germans - Hitler announced 3rd reich and showed off a huge army despite the agreements of Versailles treaty - US increasingly isolationsit and did not intervene - Japan became more democratic and paved way for patriotic commoners to enter officer ranks - China in the midst of a civil war between communists led by Mao Zedong and nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi - Sept 1931 Japan started offensive in Manchuria and violated multiple treaties and alws - US scholars thought that another world war would end New Deal and trample civil liberties - ISolationsists said US involvement in WWI was dictated by munitions makers who profited by it and by bankers who wanted to protect investments in Europe - NYE's committees findings led to passage of neturality acts - 1st Neutrality act allowed president to ban travel on belligerent vessels, and prohibited any arms or munitions trade with belligerents, though FDR said if we don't sell arms to people that could drag us into the war too - 2nd neutrality act added sanctions such as prohibiting loans to belligerents. Both Neutrality acts said to expire on May 1st 1937 but were extended by congress on that day - Meanwhile spanish civil war was raging - 3rd Neutrality act said that president could impose restrictions in case of civil strife, also allowed the sale of non military goods to belligernts on a "cash and carry basis" where the country paid full in cash and transported using its own ships - Roosevelt pushed congress to repel neutrality acts and allow sale of military goods on cash and carry basis. - 4th neutrality act was passed and FDR got what he wanted, but US citizens forbidden to sail on belligerent vessels and US ships blocked from belligerent ports and combat zones - Spanish civil war, Francisco Franco led fascists and supported by Germany and Italy, and loyalists supported by USSR - Oct 1936 Hitler and Mussolini made Berlin-Rome Axis, one month later germany and Japan joined in Anti-comintern pact directed against USSR and communism - Spanish civil was was seen as epic struggle between democracy and fascism and was "dress rehersal" for WWII - Japan and China clashed at Marco Polo bridge outside Beijing and was known as "China INcident" and Japan no longer abided by Washington and London Naval limitations treaties -US helped Chinese but Japanase continued onslaught with the "rape of nanking" and China was forced to move its capital - China Lobby by novelist Pearl Buck and Time Published Henry Luce supported China but did not want to take military action - Japanese sunk american gunboat USS Penay on Yangtze River as its crew was helping to evacuate embassy at Nanking - 2 americans were killed and 30 wounded and American and British oil tankers were also hit, and Jap. foreign office extended apology and paid 2 million in reparations - Ludlow amendment said to prohibit war except in case of invasion but White House defeated it - "moral embargo" on military tech that was used to harm civilians and practice boycott of Jap. goods and authorized purchase of Chinese silver, Jap announced a New Order in Asia in Nov. 1938 - Hitler made Austria appoint Nazis in gov't this was known as Anschluss- or a unfication of Austria and Germany - Kristallnacht was night of broken glass where Nazi thugs rampaged through Jewish neighborhoods because of a young jew who assasinated minor German official - Oct 5 1937 FDR gave a speech in Chicago saying to isolate international lawlessness and Chicago Tribune said he was stirring up warfirght and several congressman threatened to impeach him - American Intervention was hindered by factors like Great Depression, State of American Military, and Public Sentiment - May 1937 Prime minister of GB Chamberlain started appeasement with Germany but it didn't work - Hitler wanted the Sudatenland of Czechloslovakia, the country was ready to fight with support of allies but France and GB convinced them to do this peacefully and Hitler promised this was his last territorial expansion - Chamberlain gave a 'peace for our time' speech after Munich conference - Stalin was not invited to Munich conference and was convinced that GB and France wanted to deflect German expansion toward USSR - 6 months later Germany took Czachslovakia and pressured Poland for land, GB and France said they would defend Poland and in April Italian troops moved to Albania and democracies pledged to defend Rome and Greece - Roosevelt sent Hitler a letter saying for 10 yrs he would not attack 31 specified countries and Hitler gave insulting response in reichstag with 2hour address laced with sarcasm - Soviet fears led Stalin to seek military pacts with other nations in 1939 but no one agreed - August 23, German foreign minister and Stalin signed a mutual non-aggression pact Hitler and Stalin promised to remain neutral in war, secretly they agreed to carve up Baltic States and Poland in event of political and territorial transformation

World War Two - Totalitarian regimes like Germany, Italy, and Japan were expanding - US was disillusioned by failure of crusade for democracy and did not want to get involved at all - Even with Nazi conquest of Poland isolationist sentiment increased even though US clearly favored allies - After fall of France and air war against britain, US joined Canada in mutual board of defense and aligned with Latin American countries in extending collective protection to western hemisphere - congress voted immense sums for rearmament and in Sept 1940 passed first peacetime conscription bill ever in usa, also USA gave GB 50 'overage' destroyers in return for british naval and air bases in newfoundland and North Atlantic - 1940 presidential election showed that even though isolationsists were vocal they were a minority and FDR elected for a 3rd term - Lend Lease program allowed USA to transfer arms and equipment to any nation that was deemed vital to defense of USA - FDR met with Prime minister Churchill ff coast of newfoundland and they issued a jint statement of war aims, which were similar to Wilson's 14 points, they called for no territorial aggrandizement, no territorail changes without consent of people concerned, right of all people to choose their own form of gov't, the restoration of self government to those depriced of it, economic collaboration between all nations, freedom from war, from fear, and from want for all peoples, freedom of seas, and abandonment of use of force as instrument of foreign policy - America was neutral in name only - Japan announced New Order in whihc it would exercise hegemony over all of Pacific, Japan formally joined Rome-Berlin Axis and USA countered with an embargo on export of scrap iron to Japan - July 1941 Japaneses signaling probable move southward toward British malaya and USA in response froze Japanese assets and put embargo on oil which Japan needed most - Gen Hideki Tojo became prime minister of Japan in October 1941 - Dec 7 1941 Jap planes executed devastating surprise attack against US pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, 21 ships destroyed or disabled, 323 aircraft damaged or destroyed, 2388 civilians and soldiers were killed - FDR called it 'a day that will live in infamy' and USA decalred war on Japan and Italy and Germany declared war on US - USA rapidly geared itself for mobilization of its people and its entire industrial capacity - War industry achieved staggering production goals, 300K aircraft, 5K cargo ships, 60K landing craft, 86K tanks - Women workers exemplified by Rosie the Riveter played big part in industrial production. - Total strength of US armed forces more that 12 million - All of the nation's activites were in some fashion brought under new and enlarged controls - Because of Pearl Harbor and fear of Asian Espionage US commited an act of intolerance and move many Japanese into internment camps - Throughout 1942 Britain and germany fought inconclusive battles across Libya and Egypt, for control of Suez Canal, British forces led by General Sir Bernard Montgomery struck Germans at El Alamein in a grinding 2 week campaign and on Nov 7 American and British armed forces landed in French north Africa and eventually Germans surrendred in May 1943 -In 1942 after USSR sufffered immense losses they stopped Nazi invasion at Stalingrad and began long offensive that would eventually take them to Berlin - July 1943 Brit and Amer forces invaded Sicily and won control of the island and in that time Mussolini was overthrown and Italy surrendured and his successors began negotiations with allies, however German Army had taken control of Italy and were main resistance in Italy - Dwight D Eisenhower appointed supreme commander of allied forces in Europe and on June 6 1944 a large army protected by a greatly superior air force landed on 5 beaches in Normandy, France to open up another front in France to compel germans to divert forces from USSR - August 25 1944 Paris was liberated, on May 7 Germany surrendured unconditionally - WWII in pacific characterized by large scale naval and air battles - US forces forced to surrender in Phillipines in 1942 but Americans rallied in following months, General James "jimmy" Doolittle led US army bombers on a raid over Tokyo which had little military effect but gave americans a morale boost - BAttle of Coral Sea which was first naval engagement in which all fighting was done by carrier based planes, a Jap naval invasion fleet sent to strike at New Guinea and Australia was turned back by US task force - Few weeks later the naval battle of Midway was first major Japanese defeat and was turning point - 6 month land and sea battle for Guadalcanal was first major US ground victory - Allied military efforts accompanied by series of important international meetings on political objectives of the war, in Jan 1943 at Casablanca, morocco Allies decided that no peace would be concluded except on basis of unconditional surrendur - At Cairo in Nov 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill met with Chinese Nationalist leader jiang jieshi to agree on terms for Japan including relinquishment of gains from past aggression, at Tehran shortly afterward, Roosevelt, churchill and Stalin made basic agreements on postwar occupation of Germany and establishment of United Nations - 3 allied leaders met again in Yalta in Feb 1945, with victory seemingly secure Stalin agreed to enter war with japan 3 months after surrendur of germany and in return USSR would gain control of Manchuria and recive the japanese Kurile islands and southern half of Sakhalin island, easter boundary of poland set at Curzon line of 1919, also great powers in security council of united nations had power to veto - 2 months after Yalta FDR died from a brain hemmorage while vactioning in georgia and Harry Truman suceeded him - Final battles of Pacific were bloodiest, in June 1944 the battle of the Phillipine sea effectively destroyed Japanese naval air power forcing resignation of Prime Minister Tojo - General Douglas Macarthur who left Phillipines to escape Japanese capture returned and in the battle of Leyte Gulf the largest naval engagement ever fought was final decisive defeat of Japanese navy. By feb 1945 USA had taken Manila - Iwo Jima almost all Japanese died and about 6K US soldiers died and by now USA was bombing Japanese cities and shipping and airfields - At Okinawa Americans met even fiercer resistance then Iwo Jima and with few of the defenders surrendering the US was forced to wage a war of annihilation, and some saw the fighting as a preview of what would happen on a land invasioin of japan - Heads of US british and Soviet gov'ts met at Postdam a suburb outside berlin to discuss operations against japanese - Day before Postdam conference USA tested atom bomb in Alamorgordo New Mexico and the Postdam declaration said Japan could surrendur and it would neither be destroyed or enslaved but if it continued it would meet prompt and utter destruction - Truman calculated that atom bomb could be used to make Japan surrender more quickly and with fewer casualties than land invasion - August 6 the Enola Gay dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima and on August 9th a second one was dropped on Nagasaki, August 8th USSR declared war on japan and attacked Japan in Manchuria and August 14 Japan agreed to terms set at Postdam and Sep 2 1945 Jap formally surrendered - Oct 24 UN came into existence and met at San Francisco, CA with over 50 nations in attendance and officialy ended the spirit of isolationism in USA - Nov 1945 at Nuremburg Germany the criminal trials of 22 nAzi leaders led all of them convicted and 12 sentenced to death, similar thing happened in Japan