2.3+Progressive

**//Progressivism://** **//Peter, Zack, Emily,//** Hailey

**Origins of Progressivism ** - How was Populism a forerunner to Progressivism?

**Directions: ** For all of the following people, laws, etc. – provide a 1-2 sentence description/explanation that identifies the importance of the term.

**Muckrakers ** - Upton Sinclair wrote the famous muckraking novel in 1906 called The Jungle which exposed the horrible conditions in the meat packing industry which resulted in the passing of the Pure Food and Drug and Meat Inspection Acts. - Jacob Riis- One of the first photo journalists the published "How the other half lives" - Lincoln Steffens- Published "The shame of the cities" that described corrupt deals that characterized big city politics. - Ida Tarbell- Wrote a series of Muckraking articles. - Henry Demarest Lloyd- Chicago reporter who in 1881 wrote a series of articles for the Atlantic MOnthly attacking the practices of STandard Oil nad the rialroads. - Theodore Dreiser- Wrote 2 novels portraying the ruthlessness of an industrialists.

Political Reforms - Australian Secret Ballot was the printing of ballots where people go in a secret booth used for privacy. - Direct Primary is the nomination of candidates by majority vote. - Initiative is where voters could compel legislature to consider a bill. - Referendum allowed citizens to vote where they could put lawas on their ballots to be voted on. - Recall is the majority vote to remove corrupt people from office. - 17th Amendment was passed in 1913 where Senators had to be elected by popular vote.

Prohibition/Temperance - 18th Amendment- Prohibited the selling of alcholic beverages. - Frances Willard- Her help was crucial in passing the 18th and 19th amendments to the United States COnstitution.

Women’s Suffrage - Seneca Falls Convention was the first major convention organized for the women's suffrage movement on July 19, 1848. - Susan B. Anthony was a prominent American Civil Rights leader especially for 19th century women's rights for suffrage. She was tried during United States v. United States for voting illegally arguing about the guaranteed voting rights for women in the 14th amendment. - Alice Paul broke away from the NAWSA to form the National Women's Party - Carrie Chapman Catt led the NAWSA - NAWSA argued the women's right to vote as a way to broaden Democracy. - 19th Amendment ratified in 1920 which guaranteed all women the right to vote.

African Americans - Booker T. Washington- Most influential African-American at that time, stressed importance for black education and economic progress - W.E.B. DuBois- Debated with Booker T. Washington about what was more important for African-Americans, Du Bois believed that Civil Rights was more important and Booker T. Washington believed that educational opportunities were more important. - NAACP- Founded on Lincoln's birthday in 1908, was a group formed by members of the Niagra Movement and other white progressives. Its mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for African American children. Was nation's largest civil rights organization by 1920 - Atlanta Exposition- Speech in 1895 by Booker T. Washington, in which he argued for blacks' need for education and economic progress were of utmost importance, and that they should also focus on learning industrial skills so they could get better jobs at better wages.

Progressive Presidents: Teddy Roosevelt - Square Deal gave 9 hour days, 10% wage increase to miners, and didn't grant any Union recognition. - Northern Securities Company was the combination of railroads by a trust. - Elkins Act- 1903,ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. - Hepburn Act- 1906, COmmission could fix just and reasonable rates for railroads. - Pure Food and Drug Act- Forebade manufacturing sale, transportation of adultered or mislabeled foods and drugs. - Forest Reserve Act- A law that allowed the president to set aside forest reserves from the land in thhe public domain - Newlands Reclamation Act- Published in 1902, it was a U.S. federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in Western U.S.

**Progressive Presidents: William Howard Taft ** - 16th Amendment- Ratified by the states in 1913, it authorized the U.S. Government to collect an income tax. - Mann-Elkins Act- Passed in 1910, this bill gave the ICC the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. - Payne-Aldrich Act- Passed in 1909, it raised the tariff on most imports, it angered Progressives in his part because he not only signed this bill, but he publicly defended it.

**Progressive Presidents: Woodrow Wilson ** - Election of 1912- 4 way contest between Republican William Taft, Theodore Roosevelt,Democrat Woodrow WIlson,and William Bryan. - Underwood Tariff- Passed in 1913, this bill substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in a while for the U.S., it also included a graduated income tax rate from 1 to 6%. - Federal Reserve Act- Passed by Congress in 1914, this bill changed the national banking systems. - Clayton Anti-Trust Act- "Added some muscle" to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act for breaking up monopolies, it contained a clause exempting unions for being prosecuted as trusts. - <span style="font-family: 'Century','serif'; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Child Labor Act- Passed in 1916, it prohibited the shipment of interstate commerce of products made by children under 14 years old, was found unconostitutional in the 1918 case of Hammer v. Dagenhart.

**<span style="font-family: 'Century','serif'; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Other ** - <span style="font-family: 'Century','serif'; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Eugene V. Debs- One of the founders of the Socialist party. Party's candidate for 5 elections. - <span style="font-family: 'Century','serif'; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Jane Addams- Famous for the hull house, first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.