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 * __Factors Contributing to Industrial Growth During the Gilded Age:__**
 * 1) Industrialization and Big Business
 * 2) Railroads []
 * 3) Organized Labor [|http://www.hippocampus.org/?course=AP%20US%20History%20II&lesson=49&topic=1&width=800&height=684&topicTitle=Chinese%20Immigrants&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.skins/default]
 * 4) Urbanization

Ex: Carnegie used this in his steel industry. He owned steel mills, coal mines, coke refinaries, iron ore barges, and railways. Ex: Rockefeller used this by controlling 90% of the nations oil refining process. [|Hippocampus: Populist/People's Party]
 * __Key Terms__**
 * __Industrial union:__** a type of labororganization thatunites workers within a particular industry regardless of craft or trade.
 * __Craft Union:__** A type of labor organization that unites only the members of a particular craft or trade.
 * __Vertical Integration:__** Controlling all aspects of the production process.[[image:Unknown.jpeg width="390" height="328" align="right"]]
 * __Horizantal Integration:__** Controlling only one part of the production process.
 * __Monopoly:__** A company that lacks meaningful competition in its market, thus achieving such a degree of control over its market that it has the power to manipulate prices.
 * __Pinkertons:__** private security forces hired by industries to protect their property during strikes.
 * __Tammany Hall:__** This was the Democratic political organization that dominated New York City politics from the mid-1850s through the 1920s. It drew much of its electoral strength from the city's immigrant population. Political bosses like George Washington Plunkitt cultivated political support by providing jobs and services to working-class immigrant voters.
 * __Socialist:__** varying degrees, government ownership and/or control of major industrie
 * __Laissez Fair:__** laissez faire advocates argued that government involvement hindered economic development and distorted the natural and equitable forces of economic progress. Government intervention was considered tantamount to "class legislation"—an unjust and artificial reallocation of economic resources and power from one group to another.
 * __Gospel of Wealth:__** Political party that believed that government power should be used to advance economic, social, and cultural improvements such as roads, canals, harbors, schools, and scientific institutions.
 * __Frontier Thesis:__** Frederick Jackson Turner explained how the expansion of America opened many doors and how provided more freedom to America's. The moving frontier line provided alot of opportunities for American's
 * __Myth Of a Cowboy:__** American's fantisized life in the west as being luxiorious. This was acctually the opposite of what life was like; Lonely, few opportunities for advancement
 * __Whigs:__** Led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster; government should be used in order to advance economic, social, and cultural improvements
 * __The Grange:__** established machinery and storage cooperatives, and campaigned for increased government regulation of the railroads.
 * __Farmers Alliance:__** This alliance formed marketing cooperatives, encouraged federal regulation of railroads, and developed a plan for government storage and credit facilities
 * __Knights of Labor:__** Comprehensive labor organization that united workers of all races, genders, ethnicities, and occupations. Wanted 8 hour work day, child labor restrictions, and the intiative and referendum
 * __Populist:__** "People's Party"; organized reforms benefitting farmers and industrial workers; called for an increase of government regulation of railroads, substitution of income taxes for property taxes, creation of government storage and credit facilities, and silver as the nation's money supply
 * __Free Silver:__** "Greenback" or the coinage of silver; silver should be valued at a ratio of 16 to 1—sixteen ounces of silver would equal one ounce of gold.
 * __Taylorism:__** Frederick Winslow Taylor; ideas are that employers divide tasks in the work place in order to be more sufficient; Showed that there was no need for employees tobe skilled and operations and products could be produced far easier


 * __Key Events:__**
 * __Battle of Little Big Horn:__** A battle of the 7th cavalry of the United States vs. Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho indians; Indians defeated the U.S. and they (Indians) were lead by Gall & Crazy Horse
 * __Wounded Knee Massacre:__** South Dakota; American solidiers defeated the Sioux indians; A man named Black Coyote would'nt give up his rifle which started conflict; Significance was that it ended the free indian
 * __Comstock Lode:__** First major discovery of silver ore in the U.S, in Virgina City Nevada. This event attracted many to come and try and hit it big.


 * __Economics__**
 * __Iron and Steel Industry:__** The iron and steeel industry was prehaps the mst important technological developement of the gilded age because it opened the doors to a new feul source, which was coal. And was used with the railroad industry and it was a source that was conveniently found in the U.S

[|Hippocampus: Election of 1896] [|Hippocampus: Election of 1892] [|Ch. 18 Abbreviated Text.PDF] [|Chapter 16 Abbreviated Guide.doc]
 * __Social__**
 * __Immigration__**
 * **__Chinese Immigration__**: gold in calfornia attracted many immigrants such as the Chinese because they were experiencing tough times. In 1868 the U.S and Chinese negotiated the Burlingame Treaty which gave China status for trade travel and immigation. Chinese were used for cheap labor on expanding raildroads. IN 1882 congress passed the Chinese exclusion act which banned immigration from China for nearly 10 years.
 * [|Hippocampus: Chinese Immigrants]
 * __**Social Darwinism:**__ Charles Darwin had his laws of evolution among species to human society; Survival of the Fittist; only people who were strong would last; believed that government shouldn't make programs to help the poor because they would eventually die off making society better
 * **__Horatio Alger:__** Famous promoter of a life of success; wrote many influential novels about people going from rags to riches and changing their lives for the better
 * __Political__**
 * Government was responsible for delivering mail, maintaining a national military, conducting foriegn policy, and collecting taxes and tariffs
 * Government was extremely laissez-faire throughout the Gilded Age
 * **__Interstate Commerce Act:__** ban discrimination in rates between long and short hauls, railroads must publish their rate sceduales and file them with the government, and all interstate rates must be reasonable and just
 * __Dawes Act:__** Ended all ties with the Indians
 * __Homestead Act:__** any adult citizen could claim 160 acres of surveyedgovernment land. After five years could own the property of land if they made improvements. THis was used to promote western expansion. Very cheap land.

Practice Quizes: [|Quiz #1] [|Quiz #2] [|Quiz #3] [|Quiz #4] [|Quiz #5] [|Quiz #6] [|Quiz #7] [|Quiz #8] [|Quiz #9] [|Quiz #10]